TCMUN
UNSC
The United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, established in 1945 by the UN Charter. The Security Council is primarily responsible for maintaining international peace and security and is unique among UN bodies for its authority to make binding decisions on member states. It is composed of 15 members: five permanent members—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States—who hold veto power, and ten non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms. The UNSC's functions include determining the existence of threats to peace, recommending or deciding on measures to address these threats, and authorizing the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. It also oversees the implementation of sanctions and peacekeeping operations. The Security Council can issue resolutions that require member states to comply with its decisions, making it a powerful instrument for international law and diplomacy. It meets as needed, often at short notice, to respond to global crises. The Security Council's decisions and actions play a crucial role in shaping the international community's response to conflicts, crises, and other significant global issues.
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Topic 1:
The Situation in Sudan and South Sudan
Sudan has been facing significant political instability since 2019, when longtime dictator Omar al-Bashir was ousted after mass protests. A fragile transition to civilian rule was disrupted by a military coup in 2021, sparking nationwide protests and violence. In 2023, fighting broke out between rival military factions, the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), leading to large-scale conflict, displacement, and a severe humanitarian crisis.
South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in 2011 after a decades-long civil war. However, the new nation quickly descended into a civil war in 2013, largely driven by ethnic divisions and a power struggle between President Salva Kiir and his former deputy Riek Machar. Although a peace deal was signed in 2018, sporadic fighting continues, and the country remains unstable. Ethnic violence, food insecurity, and flooding have created a dire humanitarian situation.
Both nations are grappling with internal conflicts, fragile peace agreements, and severe humanitarian crises. Sudan's conflict has displaced millions within and outside the country, while South Sudan struggles with poverty, displacement, and ongoing violence, despite attempts at peace.
Topic 2:
Conflict and food security
Conflict significantly undermines food security by disrupting agricultural production, displacing populations, and destroying vital infrastructure. In war zones, farmers are often forced to abandon their fields, while damaged roads and markets limit access to food, causing shortages and price spikes. Displacement further exacerbates the issue, as fleeing populations often move to areas where food is scarce. In many cases, armed groups deliberately target food supplies and agricultural resources as a military strategy, worsening hunger. Humanitarian aid is frequently hindered by violence, preventing crucial food assistance from reaching those in need. As a result, conflict-prone regions often face severe malnutrition, with some descending into famine, as seen in places like Yemen, South Sudan, and Ethiopia’s Tigray region.